The meaning of the word "hero" is one of the most widely contested debates in the English language. To a child, a hero is someone who fights the bad guys and comes out of the battle victorious; for someone a bit older, the term refers to a man who is generally successful at any endeavors he undertakes. However, if one was to ask the same question to a fully-grown adult, he or she would probably respond by saying that a hero is someone who is very sure of what he believes in, and is never hesitant to fight for those convictions. Understandably, there are very few people who fulfill all these characteristics simultaneously, but one brilliant Latino man seems to have achieved the impossible. Although his story didn't have a happy ending, civil-rights lawyer and United States Army Lieutenant Gustavo Charles Garcia was a true hero by every possible definition, never faltering in his quest to promote peace, elevate the status of his fellow Chicanos, and effectively diminish racial segregation in Texas.

Born in Laredo, Texas on July 27th, 1915 to parents Alfredo and Maria Teresa (Arguindegui), Garcia was clearly a cut above the rest from the very beginning of his life. His brilliance and dedication were apparent in his years in grade school, as he managed to remain at the top of his class regardless of his family's unexpected move to San Antonio (Orozco). He graduated as the first valedictorian of Thomas Jefferson High School in 1932, and took his talents to the University of Texas at Austin, which had offered Garcia a sizable academic scholarship. It was during these next few years that Garcia developed his relentless perseverance and determination to make use of his full potential, since by 1938, he had received both a B.A. Degree and an LL.B, and had passed the bar exam (Slusher). The same year, Garcia secured his first  job as assistant to Bexar County district attorney John Schook, and moved on to work for city attorney Victor Keller in 1941. However, he was only able to keep this position for a few months since he was drafted for service in World War II (The Portal to Texas History).
Garcia's work for the United States Army marked a new chapter in his celebrated life; always one to find success in his endeavors, Garcia quickly moved up the ranks, and soon became a first lieutenant in the U.S. infantry and found himself stationed in Japan with the judge advocate corps (Orozco).  Garcia fought valiantly for his nation, and in the process, he became aware of just how imperative it was that further conflict be averted. In a personal interview, recent Mexican immigrant and "Gus Garcia enthusiast" William Vallejo declared that "after the war, Garcia's whole life was dedicated to peace. He knew that only through promoting peace could he help make the world a better place. I'm so thankful that he stuck to those beliefs, because if he hadn't, my family's life here in Texas definitely would have been a lot worse" (Vallejo). Vallejo's gratefulness is certainly justified, since Garcia next made use of his peace-loving nature in 1945 by playing an integral part in forming the United Nations, an organization dedicated to preserving conciliation and union (Publishing the Long Civil Rights Movement RSS).
After several years abroad, Garcia finally returned to San Antonio, Texas in 1947; never one to rest while he could be spending time for the prosperity of others, he immediately took a job in the office of the Mexican Consulate General. When asked several years later why he devoted himself so wholeheartedly to public service when he had made more than enough money to provide for his family, Garcia responded by saying, "I'd rather be middle class or lower income in a city like this than a millionaire in a dump. Bad government breeds contempt by the citizens" (Slusher).

As part of the Mexican Consulate, Garcia's work primarily concerned helping Mexican children receive the education they deserved, sans segregation. The way he saw it, "In the past, educationally speaking, the Southwest was looked upon as a malodorous newcomer to the ranks of the public education system...According to modern standards, we are still in our infancy" (The Portal to Texas History).  The very same year he returned to Texas, Garcia filed a lawsuit to close a Mexican school in Cuero. In the words of William Vallejo, "Garcia rightfully believed that my people should be allowed to go to the same school as the white kids. After all, we worked just as hard for this country as they did, so why shouldn't we be entitled to the same rights?" (Vallejo). Garcia was of the same mindset, declaring that segregation was "one of the greatest challenges ever faced by our schools" (The Portal to Texas History).

Always one to throw himself wholeheartedly into whatever cause he supported, Garcia never failed to bring to light the need for reform concerning the discrimination of Mexicans in Texas. For instance, Garcia's work ultimately paved the way for Delgado v. Bastrop I.S.D., a landmark court case that made the segregation of Latino children in Texas illegal (Latino Civil Rights Timeline). Other examples of Garcia's dedication to the Latino cause can be seen through his work for the San Antonio I.S.D. Board of Education, the Mexico Bracero Program, the American Council of Spanish Speaking People, the School Improvement League, the Mexican Chamber of Commerce, the Pan American Optimist Club, the League of Loyal Americans, the Texas Council on Human Relations, and the American G.I. Forum. Apart from all of this, the committed lawyer even found time to help further the rights of other racial groups and remain open-minded; during his years as the legal advisor for the League of United Latin American Citizens, Garcia helped pass a constitution that would allow membership for people of all races, not just Latin Americans. Thankfully, all of this commitment and hard work didn't go unrewarded, as Garcia was the lucky, yet deserving recipient of the University of Texas Alba Club's 1952 "Latin of the Year" Award (Orozco).

The pinnacle of Garcia's career irrefutably came along in the form of Hernandez V. Texas, a 1952 court case that is still widely regarded as the first major step on the road towards racial equality for Mexican-Americans. The case centered around Pete Hernandez, a Latino agricultural worker convicted of murdering a man named Joe Espinosa; Garcia, along with a few other Chicano attorneys, stepped in to prove that the fully Caucasian jury was incapable of remaining impartial, especially in a county that hadn't allowed a single Mexican-American to be part of the jury for over twenty-five years (Publishing the Long Civil Rights Movement RSS). Garcia, along with fellow attorney Carlos Cadena, filed a writ of certiorari to review the case, this time keeping in mind that Hernandez hadn't received the rights he deserved due to the decades-long exclusion of Hispanics from the court. 

Largely due to Garcia's legal prowess, the case eventually reached the Supreme Court in 1954, where Chief Justice Earl Warren allowed Garcia sixteen additional minutes to present his argument; this in itself was an incredibly rare event and a further testament to Garcia's powers of persuasion. Unfortunately, the speech he gave has now been lost to history, so the world will never hear the brilliant arguments Garcia used to convince the Court of his righteousness. After a long and grueling battle, the Supreme Court finally voted unanimously in favor of Hernandez; the poor farmer was to be retried in front of a jury with a jury composed without regard to ethnicity (Hernandez v. Texas). The court case marked a milestone in the American Civil Rights Movement; this was the first official ruling that proved that all racial minority groups, not just African Americans, were entitled to equal rights under the Fourteenth Amendment (Publishing the Long Civil Rights Movement RSS). William Vallejo made his thoughts on the subject very clear by saying that "America is known as the 'Land of the Free', but I don't think we Latinas could really call it that until Gus Garcia and that court case came along" (Vallejo).
Garcia's work for Hernandez v. Texas earned him plenty of laurels and established his name as one of the most competent and dedicated lawyers the Latino community had ever seen, but, unfortunately, it was all downhill from there. Perhaps it was due to the inescapable pressures of his newfound fame, but Garcia was in and out of hospitals all through 1955 in an effort to battle his growing addiction to alcohol (Orozco). Few records exist about Garcia's life after the zenith of his career, but the man is known to have suffered from mental illness and poverty in his later years. Such was the extent of his fall from grace that the once-brilliant lawyer even had complaints for disbarment filed against him, causing his law license to be revoked from August 1961 until August 1963. This downward spiral ultimately culminated with Garcia dying homeless on the streets of San Antonio on June 3rd, 1964, without a single soul to provide for the hero who had devoted his entire life to helping others (The Portal to Texas History).

When asked for his thoughts on Garcia's untimely and miserable death, Vallejo indignantly answered, "Garcia didn't receive the accolades he deserved until after he died, and it's infuriating that people didn't realize just how much they owed that man. He was a hero, but he certainly didn't die a hero's death" (Vallejo). Vallejo's anger is definitely justified, seeing as most of Garcia's renown arrived posthumously. He was buried with full military honors at Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery at San Antonio, and the League of United Latin American Citizens established the Gus C. Garcia Memorial Fund a month after his death. The public's gratitude to Garcia can be seen even today through the Gus Garcia Memorial Foundation, which serves to raise awareness about Garcia's immense contributions to society (Encyclopedia of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement). Edgewood I.S.D. has even established a junior high school in Garcia's name (Gus Garcia Middle School). However, perhaps the best example of Garcia's impact on society can be seen through Gus Garcia Day, an annual holiday celebrated in the city of Austin on July 27th, Garcia's birthday (Houston Area Digital Archives). As Vallejo puts it, "These examples show that although the Latino community lost a great hero on that sad day in 1964, the ideas and values that Garcia fought for are still very much alive" (Vallejo).

Gus Garcia's life was a testament to the power of the human will; he showed not just the Latino community, but the entire world, that true heroes aren't those who are unnaturally fast or powerful, but those who never give up and devote themselves entirely to what they believe in. Garcia might not have passed on in the most heroic way, but the man lived one of the most noteworthy and meaningful lives the world has ever seen. In the span of just forty-nine years, Garcia paved the way for future generations of Latinos to live in Texas without fear of being denied the rights they deserved, and made huge strides in the quest to provide every child with an education, all without ever resorting to violence. In the words of William Vallejo, "Now that's the mark of a true hero" (Vallejo). 

Bibliographies
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